1. Separation of mixtures and purification of chemical substances

1.1. Pure and impure substances

1.2. Boiling and melting points

1.3. Elements, compounds and mixtures

1.4. Chemical and physical changes

1.5. Separation processes

1.5.1. Evaporation

1.5.2. Simple and fractional distillation

1.5.3. Sublimation

1.5.4. Filtration

1.5.5. Crystallization

1.5.6. Paper and column chromatography

1.5.7. Simple and fractional crystallization

1.5.8. Magnetization

1.5.9. Decantation

2. Chemical combination

2.1. Laws of definite, multiple and reciprocal proportions

2.2. Law of conservation of matter

2.3. Gay Lussac's law of combining volumes

2.4. Avogadro's law

2.4.1. Chemical symbols

2.4.2. Formulae

2.4.3. Avogadro's law - equations and their uses

2.4.4. Relative atomic mass based on C=12

2.4.5. The mole concept and Avogadro's number

2.4.6. Stoichiometry of reactions

3. Kinetic theory of matter and Gas Laws

3.1. Phenomena to support the kinetic theory of matter using

3.1.1. Melting

3.1.2. Vapourization

3.1.3. Boiling

3.1.4. Freezing

3.1.5. Condensation in terms of molecular motion and Brownian movement

3.2. The laws of Boyle

3.3. The laws of Charles

3.4. Graham and Dalton (law of partial pressure)

3.5. Combined gas law

3.6. Molar volume and atomicity of gases

3.7. The ideal gas equation

3.8. The relationship between vapour density of gases and the relative molecular mass

4. Atomic structure and bonding

4.1. The concept of atoms, molecules and ions

4.2. The works of:

4.2.1. Dalton

4.2.2. Millikan

4.2.3. Rutherford

4.2.4. Moseley

4.2.5. Thompson

4.2.6. Bohr

4.3. Atomic structure

4.4. Electron configuration

4.5. Atomic number

4.6. Mass number

4.7. Isotopes

4.8. Shapes of s and p orbitals

4.9. The periodic table and periodicity of elements

4.9.1. Presentation of the periodic table with a view to recognizing families of elements - alkali metals

4.9.2. Presentation of the periodic table with a view to recognizing families of elements - halogens

4.9.3. Presentation of the periodic table with a view to recognizing families of elements - the noble gases

4.9.4. Presentation of the periodic table with a view to recognizing families of elements - transition metals

4.9.5. The variation of ionization energy

4.9.6. The variation of ionic radii

4.9.7. The variation of electron affinity

4.9.8. The variation of electronegativity

4.10. Chemical bonding

4.10.1. Electrovalency and covalency

4.10.2. The electron configuration of elements and their tendency to attain the noble gas structure

4.10.3. Hydrogen bonding and metallic bonding as special types of electrovalency and covalency

4.10.4. Coordinate bond as a type of covalent bond

4.10.5. Van der Waals' forces should be mentioned as a special type of bonding forces

4.11. Shapes of simple molecules

4.11.1. Linear ((H, O, Cl,HCl and CO)

4.11.2. Non-linear (HO) and tetrahedral

4.11.3. (CH) and pyramidal (NH)

4.12. Nuclear Chemistry

4.12.1. Radioactivity

4.12.1.1. Types and properties of radiations

4.12.2. Nuclear reactions

4.12.2.1. Simple equations

4.12.2.2. uses and applications of natural and artificial radioactivity.

5. Air

5.1. The natural gaseous constituents and their proportion in the air

5.1.1. Nitrogen

5.1.2. Oxygen

5.1.3. Water vapour

5.1.4. Carbon (IV) oxide

5.1.5. The noble gases (argon and neon)

5.2. Air as a mixture and some uses of the noble gas

6. Water

6.1. Water as a product of the combustion of hydrogen and its composition by volume.

6.2. Water as a solvent

6.2.1. Atmospheric gases dissolved in water and their biological significance.

6.3. Hard and soft water

6.3.1. Temporary and permanent hardness and methods of softening hard water

6.4. Treatment of water for town supply

6.5. Water of crystallization

6.5.1. Efflorescence

6.5.2. Deliquescence and hygroscopy

6.5.3. Examples of the substances exhibiting these properties and their uses.

7. Solubility

7.1. Unsaturated, saturated and supersaturated solutions

7.1.1. Solubility curves and simple deductions from them

7.1.2. Solubility defined in terms of mole per dm

7.1.3. Simple calculations

7.2. Solvents for fats, oil and paints

7.2.1. The use of such solvents for the removal of stains

7.3. True and False solution (Suspensions and colloids)

7.3.1. Properties and examples

7.3.2. Harmattan haze and water paints as examples of suspensions and fog

7.3.3. Milk

7.3.4. Aerosol spray

7.3.5. Emulsion paints

7.3.6. Rubber solution as examples of colloids

8. Environmental Pollution

8.1. Sources and effects of pollutants

8.2. Air pollution

8.2.1. Examples of air pollutants such as H₂S, CO, SO₂, oxides of nitrogen, chlorofluorocarbons and dust

8.3. Water pollution

8.3.1. Sewage and oil pollution should be known

8.4. Soil pollution

8.4.1. Oil spillage

8.4.2. Biodegradable pollutants

8.4.3. Non-biodegradable pollutants

9. Acids, bases and salts

9.1. General characteristics and properties of acids

9.2. General characteristics and properties of Bases and salts

9.3. Acids/base indicators

9.4. Basicity of acids

9.5. Normal, acidic, basic and double salts

9.6. An acid defined as a substance whose aqueous solution furnishes H3O+ ions or as a proton donor

9.7. Ethanoic, Citric and tartaric acids as examples of naturally occurring organic acids

9.8. Alums as examples of double salts

9.9. Preparation of salts by neutralization

9.10. Precipitation and action of acids on metals

9.11. Oxides and trioxocarbonate (IV) salts

9.12. Qualitative comparison of the conductances of molar solutions of strong and weak acids and bases

9.13. Relationship between conductance and amount of ions present

9.14. pH and pOH scale

9.14.1. Simple calculations

9.15. Acid/base titrations

9.16. Hydrolysis of salts

9.16.1. Simple of Hydrolysis Of Salts examples such as NH₄Cl, AlCl₃, Na₂CO₃, CH₃COONa

10. Oxidation and Reduction - Redox

10.1. Oxidation in terms of the addition of oxygen or removal of hydrogen

10.2. Reduction as removal of oxygen or addition of hydrogen

10.3. Oxidation and reduction in terms of electron transfer

10.4. Use of oxidation numbers

10.5. IUPAC nomenclature of inorganic compounds using oxidation number

10.6. Tests for oxidizing and reducing agents

11. Electrolysis

11.1. Electrolytes and non-electrolytes

11.1.1. Faraday's laws of electrolysis

11.2. Electrolysis of dilute H₂SO₄

11.3. Aqueous CuSO₄

11.4. CuCl₂ solution

11.5. Dilute and concentrated NaCl solutions

11.6. Fused NaCl

11.7. Factors affecting discharge of ions at the electrodes

11.8. Uses of electrolysis

11.8.1. Purification of metals

11.9. Electrochemical cells

11.9.1. Electrochemical series (K, Ca,Na, Mg, Al, Zn, Fe, Sn, Pb, H, Cu, Hg, Ag, Au,)

11.9.2. half-cell reactions and electrode potentials.

11.10. Corrosion as an electrolytic process

11.10.1. Cathodic protection of metals

11.10.2. Painting as ways of preventing iron from corrosion.

11.10.3. Electroplating and coating with grease as ways of preventing iron from corrosion.

12. Energy changes

12.1. Energy changes ∆H accompanying physical and chemical changes

12.1.1. Dissolution of substances in/or reaction with water

12.2. Entropy as an order-disorder phenomenon

12.2.1. Simple illustrations like mixing of gases and dissolution of salts.

12.3. Spontaneity of reactions

12.3.1. ΔG° = 0 as a criterion for equilibrium

12.3.2. ∆G greater or less than zero as a criterion for non-spontaneity or spontaneity

13. Rates of Chemical Reaction

13.1. Elementary treatment of the following factors which can change the rate of a chemical reaction

13.1.1. Temperature

13.1.2. Concentration/Pressure

13.1.3. Surface area

13.1.4. Catalyst

13.2. Reaction rate curves

13.3. Activation energy

13.3.1. Qualitative treatment of Arrhenius' law and the collision theory

13.3.2. Effect of light on some reactions

14. Chemical equilibra

14.1. Reversible reactions and factors governing the equilibrium position

14.2. Dynamic equilibrium

14.3. Le Chatelier's principle and equilibrium constant

15. Non-metals and their compounds

15.1. Hydrogen

15.1.1. Commercial production from water gas and cracking of petroleum fractions

15.1.2. Laboratory preparation

15.1.3. Properties, uses and test for hydrogen

15.2. Halogens

15.2.1. Chlorine as a representative element of the halogen

15.2.2. Laboratory preparation

15.2.3. Industrial preparation by electrolysis, properties and uses

15.2.4. Hydrogen chloride and Hydrochloric acid

15.2.5. Chlorides and test for chlorides

15.3. Oxygen and Sulphur

15.3.1. Oxygen

15.3.1.1. Laboratory preparation, properties and uses

15.3.1.2. Commercial production from liquid air

15.3.1.3. Oxides: Acidic, basic, amphoteric and neutral

15.3.1.4. Trioxygen (ozone) as an allotrope and the importance of ozone in the atmosphere

15.3.2. Sulphur

15.3.2.1. Uses and allotropes

15.3.2.2. Preparation, properties and uses of sulphur (IV) oxide

15.3.2.3. the reaction of SO2 with alkalis.

15.3.2.4. Trioxosulphate (IV) acid and its salts

15.3.2.5. Tetraoxosulphate(VI) acid

15.3.2.5.1. Commercial preparation (contact process only)

15.3.2.5.2. properties as a dilute acid

15.3.2.5.3. An oxidizing and a dehydrating agent and uses

15.3.2.5.4. Test for SO₄²⁻

15.3.2.6. Hydrogen sulphide

15.3.2.6.1. Preparation and properties as a weak acid

15.3.2.6.2. reducing and precipitating agents

15.3.2.6.3. Test for S²⁻

15.4. Nitrogen

15.4.1. Laboratory preparation

15.4.2. Production from liquid air

15.4.3. Ammonia

15.4.3.1. Laboratory and industrial preparations (Haber Process only)

15.4.3.2. properties and uses

15.4.3.3. ammonium salts and their uses

15.4.3.4. oxidation of ammonia to nitrogen (IV) oxide and trioxonitrate (V) acid

15.4.3.5. Test for NH₄⁺

15.4.4. Trioxonitrate (V) acid

15.4.4.1. Laboratory preparation from ammonia

15.4.4.2. properties and uses..

15.4.4.3. Trioxonitrate (V) salt - action of heat and uses.

15.4.4.4. Test for NO₃⁻

15.4.5. Oxides of nitrogen

15.4.5.1. Properties.

15.4.5.2. The nitrogen cycle

15.5. Carbon

15.5.1. Allotropes - Uses and properties

15.5.2. Carbon(IV) oxide

15.5.2.1. Laboratory preparation, properties and uses,,

15.5.2.2. Action of heat on trioxocarbonate (IV) salts and test for CO₃²⁻

15.5.3. Carbon(II) oxide

15.5.3.1. Laboratory preparation, properties including its effect on blood

15.5.3.2. sources of carbon (II) oxide to include charcoal, fire and exhaust fumes.

15.5.4. Coal

15.5.4.1. Different types

15.5.4.2. products obtained from destructive distillation of wood and coal.

15.5.5. Coke

15.5.5.1. Gasification and uses.

15.5.5.2. Manufacture of synthesis gas and uses.

16. Metals and their compounds

16.1. General properties of metals

16.2. Alkali metals

16.2.1. Sodium hydroxide

16.2.2. Sodium trioxocarbonate (IV) and sodium hydrogen trioxocarbonate (IV)

16.2.3. Sodium chloride

16.3. Alkaline-earth metals

16.3.1. Properties and uses of Alkaline-earth

16.3.2. Preparation of calcium oxide from sea shells

16.3.3. The chemical composition of cement and the setting of mortar

16.4. Aluminium

16.4.1. Purification of bauxite

16.4.2. Electrolytic extraction

16.4.3. Properties and uses of aluminium and its compounds

16.5. Tin

16.5.1. Extraction from its ores

16.5.2. Properties and uses

16.6. Metals of the first transition series, Characteristic properties

16.6.1. Electron configuration

16.6.2. Oxidation states

16.6.3. Complex ion formation

16.6.4. Formation of coloured ions

16.6.5. Catalysis

16.7. Iron

16.7.1. Extraction from sulphide and oxide ores

16.7.2. Properties and uses of Iron

16.7.3. Different forms of iron and their properties and advantages of steel over iron

16.8. Copper

16.8.1. Extraction from sulphide and oxide ores.

16.8.2. Properties and uses of copper

16.8.3. Preparation and uses of copper(II) tetraoxosulphate(VI)

16.8.4. Test for Cu²⁺

16.9. Alloy

16.9.1. Steel, stainless steel, brass, bronze (constituents and uses only).

16.9.2. type-metal, duralumin, soft solder, permallory and alnico (constituents and uses only).

17. Organic Compounds

17.1. Aliphatic hydrocarbons

17.1.1. Alkanes

17.1.1.1. Homologous series in relation to physical properties

17.1.1.2. Substitution reaction and a few examples and uses of halogenated products

17.1.1.3. Isomerism - structural only

17.1.1.4. Petroleum - composition, fractional distillation and major products

17.1.1.5. Petrochemicals - starting materials of organic syntheses, quality of petrol and meaning of octane number

17.1.2. Alkenes

17.1.2.1. Isomerism: structural and geometric isomerism

17.1.2.2. additional and polymerization reactions

17.1.2.3. polythene and synthetic rubber as examples of products of polymerization and its use in vulcanization.

17.1.3. Alkynes

17.1.3.1. Ethyne – production from action of water on carbides, simple reactions and properties of ethyne.

17.2. Aromatic hydrocarbons

17.2.1. Benzene - structure, properties and uses

17.3. Alkanols

17.3.1. Primary, secondary, tertiary - production of ethanol by fermentation and from petroleum by-products

17.3.2. Local examples of fermentation and distillation

17.3.3. Reactions of OH group

17.4. Alkanals and alkanones

17.4.1. Chemical test to distinguish between alkanals and alkanones

17.5. Alkanoic acids

17.5.1. Chemical reactions

17.5.2. Neutralization and esterification

17.5.3. Ethanedioic (oxalic) acid as an example of a dicarboxylic acid and benzene carboxylic acid as an example of an aromatic acid.

17.6. Alkanoates

17.6.1. Formation from alkanoic acids and alkanols

17.6.2. Saponification

17.6.2.1. Production of soap and margarine from alkanoates and distinction between detergents and soaps.

17.7. Amines (Alkanamines) Primary, Secondary, and tertiary

17.8. Carbohydrates

17.8.1. Classification – mono-, di- and polysaccharides; composition, chemical tests for simple sugars and reaction with concentrated tetraoxosulphate (VI) acid

17.8.2. Hydrolysis of complex sugars

17.8.3. the uses of sugar and starch in the production of alcoholic beverages, pharmaceuticals and textiles.

17.9. Proteins

17.9.1. Primary structures, hydrolysis and tests (Ninhydrin, Biuret, Millon’s and xanthoproteic)

17.9.2. Enzymes and their functions

17.10. Polymers

17.10.1. Natural and synthetic rubber

17.10.2. Addition and condensation polymerization

17.10.3. Methods of preparation, examples and uses.

17.10.4. Thermoplastic and thermosetting plastics

18. Chemistry and Industry

18.1. Chemical industries

18.1.1. Types of Chemical industries

18.1.2. Raw materials of Chemical industries

18.1.3. Relevancies of Chemical industries

18.1.4. Biotechnology