Explanation:
(a) Differences between land ownership by leasehold and land ownership by freehold:
Leasehold involves the payment of fees for land used over a stated period of time under agreed specified conditions Whereas/ on the other hand Freehold is the outright purchase of land (permanent ownership).
Land ownership by leasehold
-Use/ownership is for a specific Land ownership by freehold period of time
- Permanent crops cannot be planted/Permanent structures cannot be erected
- Land cannot be used as.collateral for loan
-Land cannot be sold
Land Ownership by freehold
-Use /ownership is permanent
-Permanent crops can be planted/ Permanent structures can be erected
-Land can be sued as collateral for loan
-Land can be sold
(b) ways in which non-governmental organizations contribute to agricultural development in West Africa
- Carry out research to improve breeds of animals
- Carry out research to develop new crop varieties
- Fund agricultural extension projects
- Provide social amenities in rural areas
- Provide credit to farmers
- Provide agricultural extension services/ educate farmers
- Provide vaccines and drugs to farmers to control diseases and parasites of farm animals
- Provide farming inputs such as agrochemicals, vaccines, drugs to farmers
- Provide farm implements/ tools to farmers
- Develop improved farming systems
- Provide processing facilities
- Provide storage facilities.
(c) Ways in which rural-urban migration has hindered agricultural development in West Africa
-Shortage/scarcity of farm labour
-Causes high cost of farm labour
- Poor quality of labour in rural areas resulting in low productivity
- Decrease in food production /food insecurity
-Decrease in export
- Inadequate supply of raw materials to agro industries
- Poor adoption of agricultural innovation due to ageing farming population.
(d) Socio-economic uses of land:
- Mining/oil exploration
- industries / Companies / banks / factories / offices
- Transport (roads, railway, airport, seaport)
- Stadia/recreational centres.
- Health centres
- Residential houses / estate development
- Markets
- Schools
- Religious worship centres
- Cemeteries / crematoriums
(e) Ways by which environmental factors affect agricultural production
(i) Soil organisms
- Improve soil structure
- Help in organic matter decomposition
- Improve soil fertility/ fix atmospheric nitrogen/ help in mineralization in soil
- Improve soil aeration
- improve water percolation
- Cause diseases in plants
- Reduce the quantity and quality of crops (nematodes)
(ii) Soil texture
- Determines soil aeration
- Determines tillage practices
- Determines water
- holding capacity of soils
- Determines the type of crop to be grown
- Determines nutrient availability in the soil
-Affects root penetration