Explanation:
(a) of terms used in animal production
(i) Malnutrition
Malnutrition is a condition that results when an animal is fed on a diet that is deficient in quantity and quality of the essential nutrients in the right proportion.

(ii) Weaning
Weaning is the process whereby young animals are removed from their mothers and fed with feed that is different from their mother’s milk.

(iii) Heat period
It is the period during which the female animal is ready and willing to receive the male animal for mating.

(iv) Candling
This is the process of identifying and separating fertile eggs from non-fertile ones by the use of light.

(b) Distinction between maintenance ration and production ration
Maintenance ration is the amount of feed given to farm animals to keep their live-weight constant.
Whereas
Production ration is the ration that is supplied over and above that required for maintenance for production purpose.

(c) Effects of malnutrition on farm animals

Slow or retarded growth
Low production e.g. reduced egg production, decrease in milk yield
High susceptibility to diseases
High morbidity rate among older animals
Physical deformities e.g. rickets, osteomalacia
Loss in weight/emaciation


(d) Effects of deforestation

Increases soil erosion
Destruction of hydrological cycle
Low soil nutrients
Loss of soil organic matter
Leaching
Reduction in soil microbial activities
Permanent destruction of indigenous forests
Desert encroachment/desertification
Loss of biodiversity/imbalance in the ecosystem
Destruction of hydrological cycle
Increase in atmospheric carbon(IV)oxide concentration
Destruction of micro climate/increased environmental temperature
Reduces wildlife population in the area