(a) State five differences between the digestive systems of a goat and a chicken.
(b) Explain each of the following terms as used in animal production:
(I) rumination;
(ii) coprophagy.
(c) Give one reason for carrying out each of the following practices in livestock production:
(i) creep feeding; (ii) steaming-up; (iii) flushing.
(d)(i) State four ways in which rangelands are important. (ii) List four practices that could be carried out to improve pastures.
(b) Explain each of the following terms as used in animal production:
(I) rumination;
(ii) coprophagy.
(c) Give one reason for carrying out each of the following practices in livestock production:
(i) creep feeding; (ii) steaming-up; (iii) flushing.
(d)(i) State four ways in which rangelands are important. (ii) List four practices that could be carried out to improve pastures.
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Correct Answer: Option n
Explanation:
(a) Differences between the digestive systems of a goat and a chicken
(b) of terms used in animal production (i) Rumination
- Process by which ruminants regurgitate through anti peristaltic movement of fibrous feed, re-chew and reswallow the food into the reticulum.
- The process of chewing of cud
- It reduces the particle size of digesta for microbial action.
- It takes place when animal is resting. (ii) Coprophagy
- process by which some animals like rabbit
reingest their faeces
- It helps the animal recover microbial protein and minerals lost from the caecum.
(c) Reason for carrying out the following practices
(i) Creep feeding
- to supplement the milk of young livestock
to introduce young livestock to solid feed
weaning
- to facilitate early weaning
(ii) Steaming up
- For development of udder and milk synthesis
- It gives pregnant animals strength for parturition.
- It gives the foetus the right birth weight/condition.
- It enhances the fetal immunity reduction of
foetal/offspring mortality.
- It promotes maximum milk production.
(iii) Flushing
- To increase the chance of conception/ ovulation
- To increase the incidence or multiple birth
(d) (i) Importance of rangelands
- Ensure all season feeding of livestock
- Provide material [Or forage preservation/hay/silage
- Serve as areas for livestock to exercise their
body
- Help to reduce soil erosion
- They facilitate pasture mating
- Reduce cost of for grazing animals
- Provide soilage for feeding livestock
- Serve as forage bank for establishment of pasture
- Provision of gras% and legume
(ii) Practices that improve pasture
- Reseeding/ replanting
- Controlled burning
- Fencing/ paddocking/controlled grazing
- Use of Manure / Fertiliser
- Weed control
- Irrigation
- Disease control
- Correct stocking rate
- Pest control
- Ploughing/pulverisation
- Planting of resistance varieties of forage
- Erosion control
- Planting of grass- legume mixture
- Liming
(a) Differences between the digestive systems of a goat and a chicken
| Goat | Chicken |
| has lips | has beak |
| has teeth for grinding | has gizzard for grinding |
| has complex stomach | has simple stomach |
| presence of rumen | presence of crop |
| bacterial digestion takes place in the rumen | bacterial digestion takes place in the caecum |
| complex stomach faciilitate regurgitation | simple stomach facilitate direct digestion |
(b) of terms used in animal production (i) Rumination
- Process by which ruminants regurgitate through anti peristaltic movement of fibrous feed, re-chew and reswallow the food into the reticulum.
- The process of chewing of cud
- It reduces the particle size of digesta for microbial action.
- It takes place when animal is resting. (ii) Coprophagy
- process by which some animals like rabbit
reingest their faeces
- It helps the animal recover microbial protein and minerals lost from the caecum.
(c) Reason for carrying out the following practices
(i) Creep feeding
- to supplement the milk of young livestock
to introduce young livestock to solid feed
weaning
- to facilitate early weaning
(ii) Steaming up
- For development of udder and milk synthesis
- It gives pregnant animals strength for parturition.
- It gives the foetus the right birth weight/condition.
- It enhances the fetal immunity reduction of
foetal/offspring mortality.
- It promotes maximum milk production.
(iii) Flushing
- To increase the chance of conception/ ovulation
- To increase the incidence or multiple birth
(d) (i) Importance of rangelands
- Ensure all season feeding of livestock
- Provide material [Or forage preservation/hay/silage
- Serve as areas for livestock to exercise their
body
- Help to reduce soil erosion
- They facilitate pasture mating
- Reduce cost of for grazing animals
- Provide soilage for feeding livestock
- Serve as forage bank for establishment of pasture
- Provision of gras% and legume
(ii) Practices that improve pasture
- Reseeding/ replanting
- Controlled burning
- Fencing/ paddocking/controlled grazing
- Use of Manure / Fertiliser
- Weed control
- Irrigation
- Disease control
- Correct stocking rate
- Pest control
- Ploughing/pulverisation
- Planting of resistance varieties of forage
- Erosion control
- Planting of grass- legume mixture
- Liming