(a)State the second law of thermodynamics.
(ii) Use the second law of thermodynamics to explain the flow of energy across different trophic levels in a food chain.
(b) (I) State three factors that can likely limit the size of human populations.
(ii) Outline two ways each by which humans can overcome the factors named in (b)(i).
(ii) Use the second law of thermodynamics to explain the flow of energy across different trophic levels in a food chain.
(b) (I) State three factors that can likely limit the size of human populations.
(ii) Outline two ways each by which humans can overcome the factors named in (b)(i).
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Correct Answer: Option n
Explanation:
(a)(i) Second law of thermodynamics: This states that when there is conversion of energy from one form to another; there is always a loss/ decreases; in the amount of useful energy.
(ii) Flow of energy across different levels in a food chain
Transfer of energy between trophic levels
Is not 100% completely efficient
Successive levels have less energy
And support fewer organisms
Primary producers/green plants have the highest energy
When herbivores/ primary consumers feed on primary producers
The energy level is reduced
When carnivores/secondary consumers feed on herbivores
The energy level is further reduced
Part of the energy is lost as heat at each trophic level
Not all parts of the preceding organisms are eaten by the predator/organism at the next trophic level; Energy is lost in the process of respiration/feeding/movement/metabolic active
(b)(i) Factors that can limit human populations: -
Famine / scarcity of food
diseases/epidemics
increased mortality/death rate by wars /natural disasters emigration
increase mortality - reduced natality/birth rate.
(b)(ii) Ways of overcoming the factors:
Famine: - Availability of food (through improved farming techniques)
Mechanized farming
improved storage facilities
Use of fertilizers/agro chemicals
Genetic engineering
Improved planting materials/seeds/stems etc.
Improved finance
Diseases:
Health care
Immunization
Preventive drugs
Improved diet
Good sanitation.
Wars:
Improved/enhanced communication/dialogue
Mediation.
Prohibition of illegal firearms
Good governance Natural disasters
study of the environment
promote environmental friendly activities
preservation of natural habitats
Accurate and prompt forecast of disaster
Increased Mortality/death rate:
Provision of balanced/good diet
Good Medicare
Adequate security
Peaceful resolution of conflicts/prevention of wars
Effective management of disaster
Emigration: -
Provide adequate food/shelter
Improved health/environment/sanitation
Urbanization/development
Reduced natality/Birth rate
Apply birth control methods
Legislation against abortion
Education/ awareness against sexual transmitted diseases (STD's):
(a)(i) Second law of thermodynamics: This states that when there is conversion of energy from one form to another; there is always a loss/ decreases; in the amount of useful energy.
(ii) Flow of energy across different levels in a food chain
Transfer of energy between trophic levels
Is not 100% completely efficient
Successive levels have less energy
And support fewer organisms
Primary producers/green plants have the highest energy
When herbivores/ primary consumers feed on primary producers
The energy level is reduced
When carnivores/secondary consumers feed on herbivores
The energy level is further reduced
Part of the energy is lost as heat at each trophic level
Not all parts of the preceding organisms are eaten by the predator/organism at the next trophic level; Energy is lost in the process of respiration/feeding/movement/metabolic active
(b)(i) Factors that can limit human populations: -
Famine / scarcity of food
diseases/epidemics
increased mortality/death rate by wars /natural disasters emigration
increase mortality - reduced natality/birth rate.
(b)(ii) Ways of overcoming the factors:
Famine: - Availability of food (through improved farming techniques)
Mechanized farming
improved storage facilities
Use of fertilizers/agro chemicals
Genetic engineering
Improved planting materials/seeds/stems etc.
Improved finance
Diseases:
Health care
Immunization
Preventive drugs
Improved diet
Good sanitation.
Wars:
Improved/enhanced communication/dialogue
Mediation.
Prohibition of illegal firearms
Good governance Natural disasters
study of the environment
promote environmental friendly activities
preservation of natural habitats
Accurate and prompt forecast of disaster
Increased Mortality/death rate:
Provision of balanced/good diet
Good Medicare
Adequate security
Peaceful resolution of conflicts/prevention of wars
Effective management of disaster
Emigration: -
Provide adequate food/shelter
Improved health/environment/sanitation
Urbanization/development
Reduced natality/Birth rate
Apply birth control methods
Legislation against abortion
Education/ awareness against sexual transmitted diseases (STD's):