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Economics Past Questions and Answers
Topic: The concepts of cost
Classroom
Jamb
Exam year:
Exam year
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
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1991
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2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
2020
2021
2022
2023
Question type:
Question type
Objective
Theory
Topics:
Topics
[1] Economics as a science
[1].1 Basic Concepts
[1].1.1 Wants
[1].1.2 Scarcity
[1].1.3 Choice
[1].1.4 Scale of preference
[1].1.5 Opportunity cost
[1].1.6 Rationality
[1].1.7 Production
[1].1.8 Distribution
[1].1.9 Consumption
[1].2 Economic problems
[1].2.1 What to produce
[1].2.2 How to produce
[1].2.3 Whom to produce
[1].2.4 Efficiency use of resources
[1].3 Application of PPF to solution of economic problems.
[2] Economic Systems
[2].1 Types of economic system
[2].1.1 Free enterprise economy
[2].1.2 Centrally planned economy
[2].1.3 Mixed economy
[2].2 Solutions to economic problems under different systems
[2].3 Contemporary issues in economic systems
[2].3.1 Economic reforms
[2].3.2 Deregulation
[2].3.3 Banking sector consolidation
[2].3.4 Cash policy reform
[3] Methods and Tools of Economic Analysis
[3].1 Scientific Approach
[3].1.1 Inductive and deductive methods
[3].1.2 Positive and normative reasoning
[3].2 Basic Tools
[3].2.1 Tables, charts and graphs
[3].2.2 Mean, median and mode, and their applications
[3].2.3 Variance, standard deviation, range and their applications
[3].2.4 merits and demerits of the tools.
[4] The Theory of Demand
[4].1 Meaning and determinants of demand
[4].1.1 Demand schedules and curves
[4].1.2 Distinction between change in quantity demanded and change in demand
[4].2 Types of demand
[4].2.1 Composite demand
[4].2.2 Derived demand
[4].2.3 Competitive demand
[4].2.4 Joint demand
[4].3 Types, nature and determinants of elasticity and their measurement
[4].3.1 Price elasticity of demand
[4].3.2 Income elasticity of demand
[4].3.3 Cross elasticity of demand
[4].4 Importance of elasticity of demand to consumers, producers and government
[5] The Theory of Consumer Behaviour
[5].1 Basic Concepts of Theory of Consumer Behaviour
[5].1.1 Utility
[5].1.2 Indifference curve
[5].1.3 Budget line
[5].2 Diminishing marginal utility and the law of demand
[5].3 Consumer equilibrium using the indifference curve and marginal analyses
[5].4 Effects of shift in the budget line and the indifference curve
[5].5 Consumer surplus and its applications
[6] The Theory of Supply
[6].1 Meaning and determinants of supply
[6].1.1 Supply schedules
[6].1.2 Supply curves
[6].1.3 The distinction between change in quantity supplied and change in supply
[6].2 Types of Supply
[6].2.1 Joint/complementary supply
[6].2.2 Competitive supply
[6].2.3 Composite supply
[6].3 Elasticity of Supply
[6].3.1 Determinants of Elasticity of Supply
[6].3.2 Measurements of Elasticity of Supply
[6].3.3 Nature and applications of Elasticity of Supply
[7] The Theory of Price Determination
[7].1 The concepts of market and price
[7].2 Functions of the price system
[7].2.1 Equilibrium price and quantity in product and factor markets
[7].2.2 Price legislation and its effects
[7].3 The effects of changes in supply and demand on equilibrium price and quantity
[8] The Theory of Production
[8].1 Meaning and types of production
[8].2 Concepts of production and their interrelationships
[8].2.1 Total Product(TP)
[8].2.2 Average Product(AP)
[8].2.3 Marginal Product(MP)
[8].2.4 The law of variable proportion
[8].3 Division of labour and specialization
[8].4 Scale of Production
[8].4.1 Internal economies of scale
[8].4.2 External economies of scale
[8].4.3 Their implications
[8].5 Production functions and returns to scale
[8].6 Producers equilibrium
[8].6.1 Isoquant
[8].6.2 Isocost
[8].6.3 Marginal Analyses
[8].7 Factors affecting productivity
[9] Theory of Costs and Revenue
[9].1 The concepts of cost
[9].1.1 Fixed cost
[9].1.2 Variable cost
[9].1.3 Total cost
[9].1.4 Average cost
[9].1.5 Marginal cost
[9].2 The concepts of revenue
[9].2.1 Total revenue
[9].2.2 Average revenue
[9].2.3 Marginal revenue
[9].3 Accountants' and Economists' notions of cost
[9].4 Short-run and long-run costs
[9].5 The marginal cost and the supply curve of a firm
[10] Market Structures
[10].1 Perfectly competitive market
[10].1.1 Assumptions and characteristics of Perfectly Competitive Market
[10].1.2 Short-run and long-run equilibrium of a perfect competitor
[10].2 Imperfect Market
[10].2.1 Pure monopoly
[10].2.2 Discriminatory monopoly
[10].2.3 Monopolistic competition
[10].2.4 Short-run and long-run equilibrium positions
[10].3 Break-even/shut-down analysis in the various markets
[11] National Income
[11].1 The Concepts of GNP, GDP, NI, NNP
[11].2 National Income measurements and their problems
[11].3 Uses and limitations of national income estimates
[11].4 The circular flow of income (two and three-sector models)
[11].5 The concepts of consumption, investment and savings
[11].6 The multiplier and its effects
[11].7 Elementary theory of income determination and equilibrium national income
[12] Money and Inflation
[12].1 Types, characteristics and functions of money
[12].2 Demand for money and the supply of money
[12].3 Quantity Theory of money (Fisher equation)
[12].4 The value of money and the price level
[12].5 Inflation
[12].5.1 Types of inflation
[12].5.2 Measurements of inflation
[12].5.3 Effects of inflation
[12].5.4 Control of inflation
[12].6 Deflation
[12].6.1 Measurements of Deflation
[12].6.2 Effects and control of Deflation
[13] Financial Institutions
[13].1 Types and functions of financial institutions
[13].1.1 Traditional banks
[13].1.2 Central bank
[13].1.3 Mortgage banks
[13].1.4 Merchant banks
[13].1.5 Insurance companies
[13].1.6 Building societies
[13].1.7 Commercial Banks
[13].1.8 Development Banks
[13].2 The role of financial institutions in economic development
[13].3 Money and capital markets
[13].4 Financial sector regulations
[13].5 Deposit money banks and the creation of money
[13].6 Monetary policy and its instruments
[13].7 Challenges facing financial institutions in Nigeria
[14] Public Finance
[14].1 Meaning and objectives of Public Finance
[14].2 Fiscal policy and its instruments
[14].3 Sources of government revenue
[14].3.1 Taxes, royalties
[14].3.2 Rents
[14].3.3 Grants and aids
[14].4 Principles of taxation
[14].5 Tax incidence and its effects
[14].6 The effects of public expenditure
[14].7 Government budget and public debts
[14].8 Revenue allocation and resource control in Nigeria
[15] Economic Growth and Development
[15].1 Meaning and scope of Economic Growth and Development
[15].2 Indicators of growth and development
[15].3 Factors affecting growth and development
[15].4 Problems of development in Nigeria
[15].5 Development planning in Nigeria
[16] Agriculture in Nigeria
[16].1 Types and features of Agriculture
[16].2 The role of agriculture in economic development
[16].3 Problems of agriculture
[16].4 Agricultural policies and their effects
[16].5 Instability in agricultural incomes
[16].5.1 Causes of instability in agricultural incomes
[16].5.2 Effects and solutions to instability in agricultural incomes
[17] Industry and Industrialization
[17].1 Concepts and effects of location and localization of industry in Nigeria
[17].2 Strategies and Industrialization in Nigeria
[17].3 Industrialization and economic development in Nigeria
[17].4 Funding and management of business organization
[17].5 Factors determining the size of firms
[18] Natural Resources and the Nigerian Economy
[18].1 Development of major natural resources
[18].1.1 Petroleum
[18].1.2 Gold
[18].1.3 Diamond
[18].1.4 Timber
[18].2 Contributions of the oil and the non-oil sectors to the Nigerian economy
[18].3 Linkage effects
[18].4 Upstream/downstream of the oil sector
[18].5 The role of NNPC and OPEC in the oil sector
[18].6 Challenges facing natural resources exploitation
[19] Business Organizations
[19].1 Private enterprises
[19].1.1 Sole-proprietorship
[19].1.2 Partnership
[19].1.3 Limited liability companies
[19].1.4 Cooperative societies
[19].2 Problems of private enterprises
[19].3 Public enterprises and their problems
[19].4 Funding and management of business organizations
[19].5 Factors determining the size of firms
[19].6 Privatization and Commercialization as solutions to the problems of public enterprises
[20] Population
[20].1 Meaning and theories of population
[20].2 Census
[20].2.1 Importance and problems of Census
[20].3 Size and growth
[20].3.1 Over-population
[20].3.2 Under-population
[20].3.3 Optimum population
[20].4 Structure and distribution of population
[20].5 Population policy and economic development
[21] International Trade
[21].1 Meaning and basis for international trade
[21].1.1 Absolute costs
[21].1.2 Comparative costs
[21].2 Balance of trade and balance of payments
[21].2.1 Problems of Balance of trade and balance of payments
[21].2.2 Corrective of Balance of trade and balance of payments
[21].3 Composition and direction of Nigeria's foreign trade
[21].4 Exchange rate
[21].4.1 Meaning of exchange rate
[21].4.2 Types of exchange rate
[21].4.3 Determination of exchange rate
[22] International Economic Organizations
[22].1 Roles and relevance of international organization
[22].1.1 ECOWAS
[22].1.2 AU
[22].1.3 EU
[22].1.4 ECA
[22].1.5 IMF
[22].1.6 EEC
[22].1.7 OECD
[22].1.8 World Bank
[22].1.9 IBRD
[22].1.10 WTO
[22].1.11 ADB
[22].1.12 UNCTAD
[23] Factors of Production and their Theories
[23].1 Types, features, and rewards of Factors of Production
[23].2 Determination of wages, interest, and profits of Factors of Production
[23].3 Theories of Factors of Production
[23].3.1 Marginal productivity theory of wages
[23].3.2 Liquidity preference theory
[23].4 Factor mobility and efficiency of Factors of Production
[23].5 Unemployment and its solutions
Jamb Economics Questions - The concepts of cost
Question 11:
JAMB 1978
Opportunity cost is a term which describe
SchoolNGR Classroom
A
The initial cost of setting up a business venture
B
Cost of one product in terms of foregone production of others
C
The monetary equivalent of the utility of commodity
D
Cost related to an optimum level of production
E
Implicit cost
View Answer & Explanation
Question 12:
JAMB 1979
Average cost is
SchoolNGR Classroom
A
The total cost of production
B
The extra cost of producing one additional unit of output
C
Cost of producing a unit of output
D
Variable cost
E
Overhead cost
View Answer & Explanation
Question 13:
JAMB 1979
opportunity cost is the
SchoolNGR Classroom
A
Price of scarce goods
B
Resources required for making a commodity
C
Cost of luxury goods
D
Accrual of financial loses by chance
E
Althernative forgone in other to satisfy a want
View Answer & Explanation
Question 14:
JAMB 1979
When marginal cost equals marginal revenue of products
SchoolNGR Classroom
A
The firms is producing at a loss
B
The firm is at a break-even point
C
The firm is making the least profit
D
The supplementary cost of the firm is highest
E
The firm has maximum profit
View Answer & Explanation
Question 15:
JAMB 1980
From an economic point of view, an activity does not have a cost when
SchoolNGR Classroom
A
Someone else pays for it
B
The returns are greater than the cost
C
The choice involves giving up nothing
D
The government pays for it
E
It is paid for from a gift
View Answer & Explanation
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