1. Measurements and Units

1.1. Length, area and volume

1.1.1. Metre rule

1.1.2. Measuring cylinder

1.1.3. Screw guage

1.1.4. Micrometer

1.1.5. Vernier calipers

1.2. Mass

1.2.1. Unit of mass

1.2.2. Use of Simple beam balance

1.2.3. Concept of beam balance

1.3. Time

1.3.1. Unit of time

1.3.2. Time-measuring devices

1.4. Fundamental physical quantities

1.5. Derived physical quantities and their units

1.6. Dimensions

1.6.1. Definition of dimensions

1.7. Limitations of experimental measurements

1.7.1. Accuracy of measuring instruments

1.7.2. Simple estimation of errors

1.7.3. Significant figures

1.7.4. Standard form

1.8. Measurement, position, distance and displacement

1.8.1. Concept of displacement

1.8.2. Distinction between distance and displacement

1.8.3. Concept of position and coordinates

1.8.4. Frame of reference

2. Scalars and Vectors

2.1. Definition of Scalar and vector quantities

2.2. Examples of scalar and vector quantities

2.3. Relative velocity

2.4. Resolution of vectors into two perpendicular directions

3. Motion

3.1. Types of motion

3.1.1. Translational motion

3.1.2. Oscillatory motion

3.1.3. Rotational motion

3.1.4. Spin motion

3.1.5. Random motion

3.2. Relative motion

3.3. Causes of motion

3.4. Types of force

3.4.1. Contact

3.4.2. Force field

3.5. Linear motion

3.5.1. Speed

3.5.2. Velocity

3.5.3. Acceleration

3.5.4. Equations of uniformly accelerated motion

3.5.5. Motion under gravity

3.5.6. Distance-time graph and Velocity time graph

3.5.7. Instantaneous velocity and Acceleration.

3.6. Projectiles

3.6.1. Calculation of range

3.6.2. Calculation of maximum height

3.6.3. Calculation of time of flight from the ground and a height

3.6.4. Applications of projectile motion

3.7. Newton's laws of motion

3.7.1. Inertia

3.7.2. Mass and force

3.7.3. Relationship between mass and acceleration

3.7.4. Impulse and momentum

3.7.5. Force - time graph

3.7.6. Conservation of linear momentum

3.8. Motion in a circle

3.8.1. Angular velocity and angular acceleration

3.8.2. Centripetal and centrifugal forces

3.8.3. Applications

3.9. Simple Harmonic Motion (S.H.M)

3.9.1. Definition and explanation of Simple harmonic motion

3.9.2. Examples of systems that execute S.H.M

3.9.3. Period of S.H.M

3.9.4. Frequency of S.H.M

3.9.5. Amplitude of S.H.M

3.9.6. Velocity and acceleration of S.H.M

3.9.7. Simple treatment of energy change in S.H.M

3.9.8. Simple treatment of force vibration and resonance

4. Gravitational field

4.1. Newton’s law of universal gravitation

4.2. Gravitational potential

4.3. Conservative and non-conservative fields

4.4. Acceleration due to gravity

4.5. Variation of g on the earth’s surface

4.6. Distinction between mass and weight; escape velocity

4.7. Parking orbit and weightlessness

5. Equilibrium of Forces

5.1. Equilibrium of particles

5.1.1. Equilibrium of coplanar forces

5.1.2. Triangles and polygon of forces

5.1.3. Lami's theorem

5.2. Principles of moments

5.2.1. Moment of a force

5.2.2. Simple treatment and moment of a couple (torque)

5.2.3. Applications

5.3. Conditions for equilibrium of rigid bodies under the action of parallel and non-parallel forces

5.3.1. Resolution and composition of forces in two perpendicular directions

5.3.2. Resultant and equilibrant

5.4. Centre of gravity and stability

5.4.1. Stable, unstable and neutral equilibrium

6. (a) Work, Energy and Power

6.1. Work, Energy and Power

6.1.1. Definition of work, energy and power

6.1.2. Forms of energy

6.1.3. Conservation of energy

6.1.4. Qualitative treatment between different forms of energy

6.1.5. Interpretation of area under the force-distance curve

6.2. Energy and society

6.2.1. Sources of energy

6.2.2. Renewable and non-renewable energy

6.2.3. Uses of energy

6.2.4. Energy and development

6.2.5. Energy diversification

6.2.6. Environmental impact of energy

6.2.7. Energy crises

6.2.8. Conversion of energy

6.2.9. Devices used in energy production

6.3. Dams and energy production

6.3.1. Location of dams

6.3.2. Energy production

6.4. Nuclear energy

6.5. Solar energy

6.5.1. Solar collector

6.5.2. Solar panel for energy supply

7. Friction

7.1. Static and dynamic friction

7.2. Coefficient of limiting friction and its determination

7.3. Advantages and disadvantages of friction

7.4. Reduction of friction

7.5. Qualitative treatment of viscosity and terminal velocity

7.6. Stoke's law

8. Simple Machines

8.1. Definition of simple machines

8.2. Types of machines

8.3. Mechanical advantage, velocity ratio and efficiency of machines

9. Elasticity

9.1. Elastic limit

9.2. Yield point

9.3. Breaking point

9.4. Hooke's law

9.5. Young's modulus

9.6. The spring balance

9.7. Work done per unit volume

10. Pressure

10.1. Atmospheric Pressure

10.1.1. Definition of atmospheric pressure

10.1.2. Units of pressure (S.I) units (Pa)

10.1.3. Measurement of pressure

10.1.4. Simple mercury barometer

10.1.4.1. Aneroid barometer

10.1.4.2. Manometer

10.1.5. Variation of pressure with height

10.1.6. The use of barometer as an altimeter

10.2. Pressure in liquids

10.2.1. The relationship between pressure, depth and density

10.2.2. Transmission of pressure in liquids

10.2.3. Application

11. Liquids At Rest

11.1. Determination of density of solids and liquids

11.2. Definition of relative density

11.3. Upthrust on a body immersed in a liquid

11.4. Archimedes' principle and law of floatation and applications

11.4.1. Ships and hydrometers

12. Temperature and Its Measurement

12.1. Concept of temperature

12.2. Thermometric properties

12.3. Calibration of thermometers

12.4. Temperature scales

12.4.1. Celsius and Kelvin

12.5. Types of thermometers

12.6. Conversion from one scale of temperature to another

13. Thermal Expansion

13.1. Solids

13.1.1. Definition and determination of linear

13.1.2. Definition and determination of volume

13.1.3. Definition and determination of area expansivities

13.1.4. Effects and applications

13.1.5. Relationship between different expansivities

13.2. Liquids

13.2.1. Volume expansivity

13.2.2. Real and apparent expansivities

13.2.3. Determination of volume expansivity

13.2.4. Anomalous expansion of water

14. Gas Laws

14.1. Boyle's law (isothermal process)

14.2. Charles' law (isobaric process)

14.3. Pressure law (volumetric process)

14.4. Absolute zero of temperature

14.5. General gas equation

14.6. Ideal gas equation

14.7. Van der waal gas

15. Quantity of Heat

15.1. Heat as a form of energy

15.2. Definition of heat capacity of solids and liquids

15.3. Definition of specific heat capacity of solids and liquids

15.4. Determination of heat capacity of substances

15.5. Determination of specific heat capacity substances

16. Change of State

16.1. Latent heat

16.2. Specific latent heats of fusion and vaporization

16.3. Melting, evaporation and boiling

16.4. The influence of pressure and of dissolved substances on boiling and melting points

16.5. Application in appliances

17. Vapours

17.1. Unsaturated and saturated vapours

17.2. Relationship between saturated vapour pressure (S.V.P) and boiling

17.3. Determination of S.V.P by barometer tube method

17.4. Formation of dew, mist, fog, and rain

17.5. Study of dew point

17.6. Study of humidity

17.7. Hygrometry - estimation of the humidity of the atmosphere using wet and dry bulb hygrometers.

17.8. Study of relative humidity

18. Structure of Matter and Kinetic Theory

18.1. Molecular nature of matter

18.1.1. Atoms and molecules

18.1.2. Molecular theory

18.1.2.1. examples and applications

18.1.2.2. Brownian motion

18.1.2.3. Diffusion

18.1.2.4. Surface tension

18.1.2.5. Capillarity

18.1.2.6. Adhesion

18.1.2.7. Cohesion

18.1.2.8. Angles of contact law of definite proportion

18.2. Kinetic Theory

18.2.1. Assumptions of the kinetic theory

18.2.2. using the theory to explain:

18.2.2.1. Pressure exerted by gas

18.2.2.2. Boyle's law

18.2.2.3. Charles' law

18.2.2.4. Melting

18.2.2.5. Boiling

18.2.2.6. Vapourization

18.2.2.7. Change in temperature

18.2.2.8. Evaporation

19. Heat Transfer

19.1. conduction as mode of heat transfer

19.2. Convection as mode of heat transfer

19.3. Radiation as mode of heat transfer

19.4. Temperature gradient

19.5. Thermal conductivity

19.6. Heat flux

19.7. Effect of the nature of the surface on the energy radiated and absorbed by it

19.8. The conductivities of common materials

19.9. The thermos flask

19.10. Land and sea breeze

19.11. Combustion engines

20. Waves

20.1. Production and Propagation

20.1.1. Wave motion

20.1.2. Vibrating systems as source of waves

20.1.3. Waves as mode of energy transfer

20.1.4. Distinction between particle motion and wave motion

20.1.5. Relationship between frequency, wavelength and wave velocity

20.1.6. Phase difference, wave number and wave vector

20.1.7. Progressive wave equation

20.2. Classification

20.2.1. Types of waves

20.2.1.1. Mechanical and electromagnetic waves

20.2.2. Longitudinal and transverse waves

20.2.3. Stationary and progressive waves

20.2.4. Waves from springs

20.2.5. Waves from ropes

20.2.6. Waves from stretched strings

20.2.7. Waves from the ripple tank

20.3. Characteristics/Properties

20.3.1. Reflection

20.3.2. Refraction

20.3.3. Diffraction

20.3.4. Plane Polarization

20.3.5. Superposition of waves

20.3.6. Beats

20.3.7. Doppler effects

21. Propagation of Sound Waves

21.1. The necessity for a material medium

21.2. Speed of sound in solids, liquids and air

21.3. Reflection of sound; echoes, reverberation and their applications

21.4. Advantages and Disadvantages of echoes and reverberations

22. Characteristics of Sound Waves

22.1. Noise and musical notes

22.2. Quality, pitch, intensity and loudness and their application to musical instruments

22.3. Simple treatment of overtones produced by vibrating strings and their columns

22.4. Acoustic examples of resonance

22.5. Frequency of a note emitted by air columns in closed and open pipes in relation to their lengths

23. Light Energy

23.1. Sources of Light

23.1.1. Natural and artificial sources of light

23.1.2. Luminous and non-luminous objects

23.2. Propagation of light

23.2.1. Speed, frequency and wavelength of light

23.2.2. Formation of shadows and eclipse

23.2.3. The pin-hole camera

24. Reflection of Light at Plane and Curved Surfaces

24.1. Laws of reflection

24.2. Application of reflection of light

24.3. Formation of images by plane, concave and convex mirrors and ray diagrams

24.4. Use of the mirror formula

24.5. Linear and angular magnification

25. Refraction of Light Through at Plane and Curved Surfaces

25.1. Refraction of Light Through at Plane and Curved Surfaces

25.1.1. Explanation of refraction in terms of velocity of light in the media

25.1.2. Laws of refraction

25.1.3. Definition of refractive index of a medium

25.1.4. Determination of refractive index of glass and liquid using Snell's law

25.1.5. Real and apparent depth and lateral displacement

25.1.6. Critical angle and total internal reflection

25.2. Glass Prism

25.2.1. Use of the minimum deviation formula

25.2.2. Type of lenses - triangular, rectangular

25.2.3. Use of lens formula

25.2.4. Magnification

26. Optical Instruments

26.1. General principles of microscopes, telescopes, projectors, cameras and the human eye

26.2. Power of a lens

26.3. Angular magnification

26.4. Near and far points

26.5. Sight defects and their corrections

27. (a) Dispersion of light and colours

27.1. Dispersion of light and colours

27.1.1. Dispersion of white light by a triangular prism

27.1.2. Production of pure spectrum

27.1.3. Colour mixing by addition and subtraction

27.1.4. Colour of objects and colour filters

27.1.5. Rainbow and formation

27.2. Electromagnetic spectrum

27.2.1. Description of sources and uses of various types of radiation

28. Electrostatics

28.1. Existence of positive and negative charges in matter

28.2. Charging a body by friction, contact and induction

28.3. Electroscope

28.4. Coulomb's inverse square law, electric field and potential

28.5. Electric field intensity and potential difference

28.6. Electric discharge and lightning

29. Capacitors

29.1. Types and functions of capacitors

29.2. Parallel plate capacitors

29.3. Capacitance of a capacitor

29.4. The relationship between capacitance, area separation of plates and medium between the plates

29.5. Capacitors in series and parallel

29.6. Energy stored in a capacitor

30. Electric Cells

30.1. Simple voltaic cell and its defects

30.2. Daniel cell, Leclanche cell (wet and dry)

30.3. lead-acid accumulator and Nickel-Iron (Nife) Lithium iron and Mercury cadmium

30.4. Maintenance of cells and batteries

30.5. Arrangement of cells

30.6. Efficiency of a cell

31. Current Electricity

31.1. Electromagnetic force (emf), potential difference (p.d.), current, internal resistance of a cell and lost Volt

31.2. Ohm's law, resistivity and conductivity

31.3. Measurement of resistance

31.4. Meter bridge

31.5. Resistance in series and in parallel and their combination

31.6. The potentiometer method of measuring emf, current and internal resistance of a cell

31.7. Electrical networks

32. Electrical Energy and Power

32.1. Concepts of electrical energy and power

32.2. Commercial unit of electric energy and power

32.3. Electric power transmission

32.4. Heating effects of electric current

32.5. Electrical wiring of houses

32.6. Use of fuses

33. Magnets and Magnetic Fields

33.1. Natural and artificial magnets

33.2. Magnetic properties of soft iron and steel

33.3. Methods of making magnets and demagnetization

33.4. Concept of magnetic field

33.5. Magnetic field of a permanent magnet

33.6. Magnetic field round a straight current carrying conductor, circular wire and solenoid

33.7. Properties of the earth's magnetic field; north and south poles, magnetic meridian and angle of dip and declination

33.8. flux and flux density

33.9. Variation of magnetic field intensity over the earth's surface

33.10. Applications: earth's magnetic field in navigation and mineral exploration.

34. Force on a Current-Carrying Conductor in a Magnetic Field

34.1. Quantitative treatment of force between two parallel current-carrying conductors

34.2. Force on a charge moving in a magnetic field

34.3. The d. c. motor

34.4. Electromagnets

34.5. Carbon microphone

34.6. Moving coil and moving iron instruments

34.7. Conversion of galvanometers to ammeters and voltmeter using shunts and multipliers

34.8. Sensitivity of a galvanometer

35. (a) Electromagnetic Induction

35.1. Electromagnetic Induction

35.1.1. Faraday's laws of electromagnetic induction

35.1.2. Factors affecting induced emf

35.1.3. Lenz's law as an illustration of the principle of conservation of energy

35.1.4. A.C. and D.C generators

35.1.5. Transformers

35.1.6. The induction coil

35.2. Inductance

35.2.1. Explanation of inductance

35.2.2. Unit of inductance

35.2.3. Energy stored in an inductor

35.2.4. Application/uses of inductors

35.3. Eddy Current

35.3.1. Reduction of eddy current

35.3.2. Applications of eddy current

36. Simple A. C. Circuits

36.1. Explanation of a.c. current and voltage

36.2. Peak and r.m.s. values

36.3. A.c. source connected to a resistor

36.4. A.C source connected to a capacitor - capacitive reactance

36.5. A.C source connected to an inductor inductive reactance

36.6. Series R-L-C circuits

36.7. Vector diagram, phase angle and power factor

36.8. Resistance and impedance

36.9. Effective voltage in an R-L-C circuits

36.10. Resonance and resonance frequency

37. Conduction of Electricity Through;

37.1. Liquids

37.1.1. Electrolytes and non-electrolyte

37.1.2. Concept of electrolysis

37.1.3. Faraday's laws of electrolysis

37.1.4. Application of electrolysis

37.2. Gases

37.2.1. Discharge through gases

37.2.2. Application of conduction of electricity through gases

38. Elementary Modern Physics

38.1. Models of the atom and their limitations

38.2. Elementary structure of the atom

38.3. Energy levels and spectra

38.4. Thermionic and photoelectric emissions

38.5. Einstein's equation and stopping potential

38.6. Applications of thermionic emissions and photoelectric effects

38.7. Simple method of production of x-rays

38.8. Properties and applications of alpha, beta and gamma rays

38.9. Half-life and decay constant

38.10. Simple ideas of production of energy by fusion and fission

38.11. Binding energy, mass defect and Einstein's Energy equation

38.12. Wave-particle paradox (duality of matter)

38.13. Electron diffraction

38.14. The uncertainty principle

39. Introductory Electronics

39.1. Distinction between metals, semiconductors and insulators

39.2. Intrinsic and extrinsic semiconductors

39.2.1. N-type and p-type semiconductors

39.3. Uses of semiconductors and diodes in rectification and transistors in amplification

39.4. Elementary knowledge of diodes and transistors